نشریه بررسی مسائل اجتماعی ایران
سال پنجم شماره 2 (پاییز و زمستان 1393)

Homicide is one of the most serious offences that can create serious damage to all those affected، to the murderer، the victim، their families and members of their local community، and it can also challenge the feeling of social safety. By applying the phenomenological approach and concentrating on data which is collected by a semi deep structured interview from 14 murderers، including 12 men and 2 women، the present research tries to understand and identify the risk factors which could explain why and how murder took place. The concluding points of in-depth interviews، reveal that to understand homicide، one needs to pay attention to the sequence of antisocial behavior and to those risk factors that have affected the life style at the individual، family، community and societal level. The issue of how deviant behavior from an early age has developed and turned into something else during the course of a person’s lifetime، is also looked in to. In other words، the behavior which is a cornerstone which affects other behavior، should be recognized، even if it is non-criminal behavior that could be drawn into criminal behavior later in life or implied to be a deviant behavior. In-depth interviews indicate that the majority of respondents in their childhood، are somehow involved in various anti-social behavior such as vagrancy، truancy، pigeon game، aggression، harassment، animal abuse and evil and deviant behavior which has developed during the course of their lives، so the identification of risk factors and the interaction between them is an important factor.

The present research studies the social and cultural causes of poverty from the perspective of the actors. In this study، the emphasis is on the importance of factors in addition to economic factors of poverty. The main research question is what factors explain the poverty of the village? This study was conducted in a qualitative manner. To collect data، methods such as observation، interview، focus groups and documentary data has been used، and for data analysis، the grounded theory is used. At the first، sampling were Based on purposive and focus groups were between two clans in the village، with Continues to analyze data، Findings of this study showed differences between young and middle-aged people in defining poverty، the causes and solutions of reduction in poverty. Because of these different viewpoints، we categorized the participant of the study to two generations. The result showed that the first generation believed in historical، cultural and individual factors as causes of poverty while the younger generation had emphasized the cultural and structural factors. Also unlike the second generation، the first group had an optimistic view about solution of poverty. In sum، in order to study poverty more deeply we should consider also cultural and social factors. Poverty reduction requires long-term measures with emphasis on empowerment and capability approaches.

Increased social crimes and disorders are of the complex problems of metropolises. One of the most important urban crimes is the production، distribution and consumption of drugs. These social disorders have resulted in the increase of theft، prostitution، murder، street fights and generally insecurity and disturbance in the streets of these cities. The purpose of this research، is the spatial evaluation and analysis of the dispersal patterns of criminal behavior and crime-prone drug centers all over district 2 of Tehran municipality to achieve proper monitoring methods in any urban area. This research uses descriptive-analytic، survey and adaptive methods to investigate the relationship between the variables of population density and land use with the number of drug-related crimes committed in district 2 of Tehran municipality. The statistical population of this research includes all the drug-related crimes committed from 04/20/2008 to 01/20/2009 in district 2 of Tehran municipality. The research results show that there''s a direct relationship between the population density residing all over district 2 of Tehran municipality according to the Spearman correlation coefficient (0. 774)، with 0. 95 confidence and error rate of less than 0. 05. Also، given the value of the Spearman correlation coefficient (0. 828)، with 0. 99 confidence and error rate of less than 0. 01، there''s a significant statistical relationship between the variables of usage type and the number of drug-related crimes committed in district 2 of Tehran municipality.

This article has tried to understand the circumstances، consequences and interactions of drug use and addiction in the Rudbar-e Jonubi County in Kerman province in Iran، from the perspective of the native people. It was performed from the perspective of social constructionism and applied qualitative research method and grounded theory. Participant observation and in-depth interview technique were used for collecting the data. Based on purposive sampling method and theoretical sampling with the theoretical saturation criteria، eighteen local Informants، so-called gatekeepers of the community، participated in the study. The results of the grounded theory include eight major categories: customs and local traditions، positive evaluation of the drugs، negative assessment by overcoming a positive assessment، the problems of economic system، low level of awareness، accessibility، lack of facilities for leisure time، lack of effective security control، and ecological contexts. The core concept that cover these categories is called «contextual normality». The resulted underlying theory، is presented in a paradigmatic model that includes six dimensions: causal conditions، underlying conditions، meddler conditions، phenomenon، interaction and outcomes.

Social capital included capital and resources of institutions، social relationship، and norms that are formed social interactions. Social capital measuring could be act of creating of social capital. And help people to rethink about their problems. Make the better decisions and social cohesion for fertilizing community. Accordingly the subject of this paper was to measure social capital among university of Tehran students. The method was survey with using of questionnaire. For choosing of population، we are used the multi cluster sampling. In order to measure the reliability and validity of the data، we’re used formal validity and alpha Cronbach’s alpha. The result shown that only one fifth of students had a high social capital and in addition social capital was low among students. The lowest measure was related to the formal social participation. This shown that social capital was a week among university of Tehran especially in modern aspect such a membership and activity in civil institutions. This issue has been affected in the macro and micro level.

According to the changes that have occurred in the family، and also due to increased rates of marital conflicts and divorces in recent decades، in present paper we attempts to identify the types of marital conflicts، its causes and contexts and strategies that couples deal with such conflicts by conducting a sociological study in Tehran. In this article we have tried to rely on various theoretical approaches to explain marital conflict، particularly the theory of symbolic interactionism as the main explanation means، and on application of the concept of «Marital Paradigm» as a missing link in previous studies in this area، to creating an appropriate model that provides a different explanation of marital conflict. The model explains the marital conflicts between couples as paradigmatic conflicts. the basic idea is that marital conflict is not the result of one or more fixed and specified factor، but it is the production of encountering the opposing (or different) paradigms. The model has been confirmed by the results of this study. It suggests «paradigmatic Homogamy» as a way to prevent this problem in our society.

In this Research the method is survey and statistic society is employed women and housewives in north، south and center of Tehran. The sample size is 284 women. Data was collected by questionnaire. and then it was analyzed with SPSS software. The findings show that economic conflicts of marital life in employed women are more than housewives. Also findings show that there is a noticeable relationship between work division at home and economic conflicts in employed and unemployed women. Also findings show there is a noticeable relationship between attitude towards the women employment، religious thought and economic costs with economic conflicts in employed women. In relation to family support and income، increase in family support and income rate، in both employed and unemployed women causes to decrease the marital conflicts. Also findings show there is a noticeable relationship between marriage duration، child count and marital discords in unemployed women

Throughout its history، soccer has been faced with violent and aggressive behavior of fans، and such behavior have been one of the most serious and important issues in this sport. NAJA، as one of the pillars in managing crowd behavior، play an important role in reducing aggression and emotion between fans in the stadium. The main purpose of this research is awareness of NAJA performance in control and navigation the emotions of fans to a safe and controlled routes. In addition، the research tries to analysis factors affecting verbal and behavioral aggression and violence in stadiums. Questionnaire، field observations among 300 spectators of Damash and Malavan football teams been used for data collection. According to the measurement levels of research variables، relevant statistical tests، such as analysis of variance، Pearson Correlation test، and Fridman test have been used for data analysis. According to the findings of a survey research on a sample of 300 soccer fans between two Iranian soccer teams - Damash and Malavan-، it concluded that In most cases، fans'' attitudes toward police performance is satisfactory. Furthermore، there is significant relationship between athletic identities، team''s identity، age، socio-economic status، contact with fan club، peer group، satisfaction from stadium facilities، and NAJA performance with fans aggression